Sangram S. Sisodia, PhD

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a prevalent, adult-onset, neurodegenerative disease, is clinically characterized by progressive impairments in cognition and memory. These clinical features are accompanied by characteristic histological changes in the brain, including neuronal loss, extracellular deposition of fibrillogenic Ab peptides in senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. The principal risk factors for AD are age and inheritance of mutant genes, or polymorphic alleles that predispose individuals to late-onset disease.



Over the past 20 years, my laboratory has focused on examining the cellular and molecular biology of the b-amyloid precursor protein (APP), or presenilins (PS1 and PS2), molecules that are mutated in pedigrees with autosomal dominant, familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (FAD). The function(s) of APP in the central nervous system (CNS) are still not fully understood, but we have demonstrated that APP is subject to rapid anterograde axonal transport and subject to proteolytic processing at, or near, terminal fields. In collaboration with Robert Malinow at UCSD, we have also shown that synaptic activity modulates APP processing and Ab production, and that both axonal and dendritic release of these peptides alter spine dynamics and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Our current efforts are focused on clarifying the dynamics and regulation of APP trafficking and processing cultured neurons and hippocampal slices using recombinant lentiviral-driven APP-GFP chimeras and live cell imaging approaches. In order to assess the normal function of PS, we have used gene targeting strategies; PS1-deficient animals die in late embryogenesis due to defective Notch signaling that is in large part, the result of failed intramembranous, “g-secretase” processing of a membrane-bound Notch substrates. This “g-secretase” activity is also responsible for liberating Ab peptides from membrane-bound APP derivatives. We, and others, have provided genetic and biochemical evidence has revealed that PS associates with nicastrin (NCT), APH-1 and PEN-2 in high molecular weight complexes, and our current efforts are aimed at understanding the temporal assembly of these membrane proteins, the nature of subunit interactions and the enzymatic mechanism(s) by which the complex promotes “g-secretase” processing of Notch, APP and other type 1 membrane proteins.



A significant effort of our laboratory has been to develop and characterize transgenic animals that express FAD-linked variants of PS1 and APP to clarify the underlying biochemical and pathophysiological alterations that cause AD. We have exploited these animals, as well as animals in which we have conditionally inactivated PS, to clarify issues relevant to axonal trafficking of membrane proteins, neurodegeneration, neuronal vulnerability, gene expression and APP/Ab metabolism. A significant effort in our laboratory is focused on understanding the cell non-autonomous effects of FAD-linked mutant PS1 expression on hippocampal neurogenesis. Our future studies will focus heavily on the mechanisms that are responsible for the observed effects using temporal and system-specific conditional gene inactivation approaches. Extending our demonstration that enriched environments and exercise modulates Ab metabolism and deposition in vivo, our ongoing efforts are focused on the role of polypeptides encoded by genes that are selectively regulated in these settings. Finally, we have been exploring the impact of the microbiome in modulation of amyloid deposition in mouse models of AD.



In summary, my research program is designed to integrate genetic, neurobiologic, molecular and cellular information to clarify the normal biology of APP and PS and the mechanisms by which mutant genes cause AD. The value of animal models that recapitulate some features of the human disease have, and will be of enormous value for addressing issues relevant to the selective vulnerability of specific CNS systems, the pathophysiological sequelae and ultimately, will provide opportunities to explore mechanism-based therapeutic strategies.

Sodium oligomannate alters gut microbiota, reduces cerebral amyloidosis and reactive microglia in a sex-specific manner.
Sodium oligomannate alters gut microbiota, reduces cerebral amyloidosis and reactive microglia in a sex-specific manner. Mol Neurodegener. 2024 Feb 17; 19(1):18.
PMID: 38365827

Early modulation of the gut microbiome by female sex hormones alters amyloid pathology and microglial function.
Early modulation of the gut microbiome by female sex hormones alters amyloid pathology and microglial function. Sci Rep. 2024 01 21; 14(1):1827.
PMID: 38246956

Translational profiling identifies sex-specific metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of cortical microglia/macrophages in APPPS1-21 mice with an antibiotic-perturbed-microbiome.
Translational profiling identifies sex-specific metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of cortical microglia/macrophages in APPPS1-21 mice with an antibiotic-perturbed-microbiome. Mol Neurodegener. 2023 Dec 16; 18(1):95.
PMID: 38104136

Donald Lowell Price, M.D. In memoriam.
Donald Lowell Price, M.D. In memoriam. Mol Neurodegener. 2023 Nov 20; 18(1):88.
PMID: 37981690

The gut microbiome regulates astrocyte reaction to Aß amyloidosis through microglial dependent and independent mechanisms.
The gut microbiome regulates astrocyte reaction to Aß amyloidosis through microglial dependent and independent mechanisms. Mol Neurodegener. 2023 Jul 06; 18(1):45.
PMID: 37415149

The gut microbiome in Alzheimer's disease: what we know and what remains to be explored.
The gut microbiome in Alzheimer's disease: what we know and what remains to be explored. Mol Neurodegener. 2023 02 01; 18(1):9.
PMID: 36721148

ApoE isoform- and microbiota-dependent progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy.
ApoE isoform- and microbiota-dependent progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy. Science. 2023 01 13; 379(6628):eadd1236.
PMID: 36634180

Increased Type I interferon signaling and brain endothelial barrier dysfunction in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease.
Increased Type I interferon signaling and brain endothelial barrier dysfunction in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep. 2022 10 01; 12(1):16488.
PMID: 36182964

Infection and inflammation: New perspectives on Alzheimer's disease.
Infection and inflammation: New perspectives on Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022 Jul; 22:100462.
PMID: 36118272

Gut microbiota-driven brain Aß amyloidosis in mice requires microglia.
Gut microbiota-driven brain Aß amyloidosis in mice requires microglia. J Exp Med. 2022 01 03; 219(1).
PMID: 34854884

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